Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is one of the muscular dystrophies. These are a group of rare, inherited muscle diseases (myopathies). EDMD causes weakness in your child's shoulders, upper arms, and calves. It causes stiff joints that can't move well (contractures). It also affects the heart's electrical system. The name of the disease refers to the two doctors who first described it in the 1960s.

Symptoms usually appear at about 10 years of age and slowly get worse. EDMD usually affects boys, but girls also can get some forms of the disease.

EDMD has several forms. All of them are caused by changes (mutations) in one of three genes that each make a protein in muscle cells. These proteins are part of the envelope (membrane) around the nucleus in muscle cells. The nucleus is the sac within cells that contains the genes. A mutation in any one of these proteins can cause EDMD.

Parents can pass EDMD down to their children in different ways:

The most common form of EDMD is X-linked. This means that the changed gene is on the X chromosome. Chromosomes contain genes and are in the nucleus of your cells. Only boys get this form of EDMD. Girls have two X chromosomes, one from each parent. Boys get one X chromosome from their mother and a Y chromosome from their father. Because a boy has only one copy of the changed gene, a mutation means that he will not have enough of the protein to keep his muscles working well. A girl with the gene defect usually gets enough normal protein from her other X chromosome. But she will be a carrier for the mutation and can pass it on to her children.

Another form of EDMD affects both boys and girls, and either parent can pass this form down to their children. The term for this kind of inherited pattern is autosomal dominant. In this case, a parent with the disease has a 1 in 2 chance of passing it on to each of their children.

A rare form of EDMD happens when a child inherits a mutated gene from both parents ( autosomal recessive). Both boys and girls may have this form.

All three forms of EDMD have similar symptoms. Researchers are still trying to understand the connections between these defective proteins and the muscle weakness in EDMD.

Children usually show signs of EDMD by 10 years of age. You may first notice “toe-walking” or waddling. Common symptoms include:

• Weakness and wasting (atrophy) of muscles in the shoulders, upper arms, and calves.
• Stiff joints that make it hard to move around. The joints are often in the elbow, neck, heel, and spine.
• Muscle weakness that slowly gets worse.
• Fainting or fluttering heartbeat (palpitations) because of heart problems. These are usually seen by age 30.

The muscle weakness in EDMD gets worse very slowly, and many people are still able to walk late in life. Some people may eventually need a wheelchair or other help getting around.

Your child's doctor will start by taking a health history, asking about recent symptoms, past health conditions, and family health history. The doctor will do a physical exam. Your child may need tests, including:

• Blood tests for muscle enzymes such as creatine kinase.
• DNA blood or saliva tests for EDMD changes.
• Electromyography to measure the electrical activity of the muscles.
• MRI to see the pattern of muscle damage.
• Muscle biopsy to look at the muscle cells or confirm a diagnosis.
• Electrocardiogram and echocardiogram to look for possible effects on the heart.
• Heart monitoring, such as Holter monitoring or a loop recorder.

Your child may first see their doctor and later be referred to a neurologist. Some neurologists have special training to treat neuromuscular diseases such as EDMD. Your child may also need to see other providers, such as cardiologists, geneticists, and physical therapists. Your child's doctor may also refer your child to a muscular dystrophy clinic. This place has a health care team trained to help treat this disease.

Treatment for EDMD focuses on supportive treatment. There is no cure. Physical therapy is a key part of managing the condition. Many health care providers may be involved to help your child and family. Your child may need certain treatments, such as:

• Range-of-motion and stretching exercises. These help limit problems with stiff joints.
• Surgery to release contractures. This may also help with mobility. Your child may need several surgeries.
• Heart medicine to treat cardiomyopathy.
• Pacemakers or other heart devices. These lower the risk for sudden cardiac arrest.
• Breathing devices, such as a ventilator machine. Your child may need these if their breathing muscles are affected.
• Ongoing watching of your child's emotional health for depression and anxiety. Ask your doctor for help explaining the condition to your child and finding support services.
• Emotional support for your child and your family. A diagnosis of EDMD can have a great impact emotionally and financially. Counseling and community resource support can be critical to family stability.
• Active involvement with the school community. The Americans with Disabilities Act provides special protections for children with disabilities. These laws apply to children in the public school system and allow children with serious disabilities equal access to educational opportunities. Contact your school for information.

Heart problems are the most common complication in EDMD. Most people with the condition have some heart problems by age 30. People with EDMD need to be closely watched. Problems can include:

• Irregular heartbeat. This is caused by problems sending electrical signals from one part of the heart to another. It can cause slowed heartbeat or missed heartbeats. Your child will need checkups at least once a year for irregular heartbeats or other heart problems. This is true even if your child has no symptoms. Your child may need a pacemaker or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator to reduce the risk for complete heart block or sudden cardiac arrest.
• Stretched and weakened heart muscle (dilated cardiomyopathy). This can make it hard for the heart to pump enough blood through the body. Your child may need medicine, such as beta-blockers or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
• Muscle weakness. This usually gets worse over time. It may spread to involve the hips and other muscles throughout the body.
• Stiff joints that are hard to move (contractures). Your child may need aids, such as canes, braces, a walker, or a wheelchair.
• Breathing problems. These are caused by weakened breathing muscles. A positive pressure respirator can help give your child enough air flow.
• Social and emotional challenges. Children may feel isolated from their peers. They may have trouble dealing with the disease.
• Obesity. This can develop as a result of immobility.
• Reaction to anesthesia. This is more common in people with EDMD. A medical bracelet can warn others of the condition in case of an emergency.

• EDMD is a rare genetic muscle disease that slowly causes weakness in the shoulders, upper arms, and calves. It also causes stiff joints.
• EDMD usually shows up at about 10 years of age. The most common form of EDMD only affects boys, but other forms affect both boys and girls.
• Treatment is an ongoing process and depends on the child's symptoms and disease progression.
• Heart problems are common in EDMD. A child with EDMD needs to be tested at least every year. They may need medicines or devices, such as a pacemaker.
• Physical therapy can help keep flexibility and range of motion.
• A range of medical and community resources are needed to help the child and family cope with the physical, emotional, and financial impacts of the disease.

Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your child's doctor:

• Know the reason for the visit and what you want to happen.
• Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.
• At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives you for your child.
• Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed and how it will help your child. Also know what the side effects are.
• Ask if your child's condition can be treated in other ways.
• Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.
• Know what to expect if your child does not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.
• If your child has a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.
• Know how you can contact your child's doctor after office hours. This is important if your child becomes ill and you have questions or need advice.